五個(gè)基本句型
根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的特性,構(gòu)成英語中五個(gè)基本句型:
1) 主語 + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語
2) 主語 + 不及物動(dòng)詞 (+ 其他成分)
3) 主語 + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語
4) 主語 + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 雙賓語
5) 主語 + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語
我們在學(xué)習(xí)5個(gè)基本句型時(shí),主要關(guān)心每個(gè)句型中的出題點(diǎn)在哪里。
(一)第一句型:主語 + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語
1) 系動(dòng)詞一般為be 動(dòng)詞。
注意:look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, become, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等詞可以作“半系動(dòng)詞”用,按行為動(dòng)詞方式變化,起系動(dòng)詞的作用。
試驗(yàn)比較:
—— He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.(他摸遍了口袋但沒有找到一分錢! feel為行為動(dòng)詞)
—— You look pale. Do you feel unwell? (你臉色蒼白,感到不舒服?—— look / feel為系動(dòng)詞)
一般來說,動(dòng)詞后面跟的是個(gè)形容詞或名詞,該動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞, 如:The plan sounds perfect. / The flower smells nice. / The dish tastes delicious. / It is getting dark.
實(shí)例:
“Don't worry. Let me take your pulse first.” “Oh, it ______ normal.” (脈搏正常)
A. is felt
B. is feeling
C. feels
D. felt
解題思路:normal為形容詞,前面應(yīng)為系動(dòng)詞;系動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài),故A不對; look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系動(dòng)詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí),B也不對;D時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)了,故正確答案為C.
2)there be是英語中非常重要的一個(gè)句型: there是引導(dǎo)詞,不解釋 “那里”; 這是個(gè)倒裝句, 主語在be動(dòng)詞的后面, be動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由后面的主語決定。
注意中國學(xué)生容易搞錯(cuò)的問題:
There isn't enough furniture in the room.(房間里家具不夠)
錯(cuò):There hasn't enough furniture in the room.
There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.(毫無疑問,中國已消滅天花。)
錯(cuò):It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.
There is ample evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (充分證據(jù)表明,愛滋病正在亞洲迅速蔓延! 同位語從句)
錯(cuò):It is evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (可以: It is evident that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. - 主語從句)
(二)第二句型:主語 + 不及物動(dòng)詞 (+ 其他成分)
在這個(gè)句型中主要注意及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞的區(qū)分:
不及物動(dòng)詞 及物動(dòng)詞
rise /rose / risen(升起) raise /raised / raised (提高)
arise / arose / arisen (from)(產(chǎn)生) arouse / aroused / aroused(喚起)
lie / lay / lain(躺下) lay / laid / laid(放下)
arrive at(到達(dá)) reach(到達(dá))
wait for(等待) await(等待)
remain(仍舊) maintain(保持,維修)
*上面所注僅為典型詞義,要根據(jù)句子判別其他意思。
此外,該句型常采用倒裝形式,注意辨別,主要是以下兩種情況:
1) 用here 或 there引導(dǎo):Here comes the bus. (汽車來了。) / There rings the bell. (鈴響了。)
2) 在動(dòng)詞 + 介詞短語的結(jié)構(gòu)中,往往將介詞短語提前:On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.(山頂上有一座漂亮的小房子。)
(三)第三句型:主語 + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語
我們知道,名詞可以做主語和賓語,非謂語動(dòng)詞 -ing和 to do也可以做主語和賓語,
作主語:
Learning a foreign language is not easy.(學(xué)門外語并不容易。)
To learn a foreign language is not easy. (= It is not easy to learn a foreign language.)
從語法角度講,上述兩個(gè)表達(dá)方式都可以。
但是,當(dāng)動(dòng)詞處于賓語位置時(shí),就不能這樣“隨心所欲”了,因?yàn)橛⒄Z語法有以下幾個(gè)規(guī)定:
1)acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate / defer / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep (on) / do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret / resent / risk / suggest 等詞后面的動(dòng)詞賓語必須用-ing 形式,重點(diǎn)和首先要掌握黑體字部分。由于這些次的詞義與解題關(guān)系不大,沒有給出具體詞義解釋。若需要,請學(xué)生自己查字典解決。
這是語法考試的一個(gè)重點(diǎn),要對以上詞特別敏感,例如:
It is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather.
A. being much affected
B. having much affected
C. to be much affected
D. to have been much affected
解題思路:1)一看到avoid一詞,便可確定正確答案在A.B中; 2)affect意為“影響”,及物動(dòng)詞,故B不對。[如果做題時(shí)間來不及,此類題目若有“主動(dòng)語態(tài)”和“被動(dòng)語態(tài)”之分,一般選“被動(dòng)語態(tài)”的正確率高些。]
2) remember / forget:后面既可跟 -ing, 也可跟 to do,但意思不一樣:to do表示說話時(shí)還沒有發(fā)生的事,-ing表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生過事的回憶,如:“我昨天出門時(shí)忘了關(guān)窗了!憋@然是指出門時(shí)還沒有做的事,因此用to do形式:“我不記得以前見過你!憋@然是指說話以前的事,因此用 -ing形式,即:
I forgot to close the windows when I left home yesterday.
I don't remember seeing you before.
因此,除了知道這個(gè)規(guī)定外,分清“發(fā)生過”還是“沒有發(fā)生”是解題的關(guān)鍵。
實(shí)例:
Do you remember ______ to Professor Smith during your last visit?
A. to have been introduced
B. having introduced
C. being introduced
D. to be introduced
解題思路:1)第一步要確定“發(fā)生過”還是“沒有發(fā)生”,即A.D還是B.C,“你記得上次訪問時(shí)被介紹給Smith教授的情況嗎?”顯然是已發(fā)生的事,選B.C;2)“introduce”(介紹)后沒有賓語,說明是“被動(dòng)語態(tài):,故選C [再看一下上一節(jié)中的 ”解題思路“]
3)need / want / require等解釋為“需要”時(shí),有兩種表達(dá)方式,如:
“這間會(huì)客室需要打掃一下”
A.This waiting room needs to be cleaned. (to 被動(dòng)式)
B.This waiting room needs cleaning.(-ing主動(dòng)式)
考試時(shí)若同時(shí)出現(xiàn)兩種選擇,選B
4)look forward to / object to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / oppose to中的 “to” 是介詞,后面應(yīng)跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞-ing,
(四)第四句型:主語 + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 雙賓語
有些動(dòng)詞(主要是“授予動(dòng)詞”)后面需要或可以接雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu),如:give, write, buy, send, make等
You may send him an E-mail or write him a letter.
這個(gè)句子也可使用以下結(jié)構(gòu):
You may send an E-mail (to him) or write a letter to him. 所以 “to” 和 “for” 是連接雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的重要介詞。
該句型的重點(diǎn)是要記住以下短語,特別是所用的介詞:
to cure … of(治愈…)
to accuse …of(譴責(zé)…)
to convince… of(說服…)
to inform… of(通知…)
to notify… of (通知…)
to clean… of (清除…)
to warn…… of / against (警告…)
to cheat… of(欺騙)
to rob… of(搶劫…)
例如:
We have to inform the family of the patient's condition as soon as possible. / Have the family been informed of the patient's condition? (我們得盡快將病人的病情通知其家屬。/ 已經(jīng)將病人的病情通知其家人了嗎?)
注意下面句子的結(jié)構(gòu)變化:
May I ask you a question? → May I ask a question of you?
直接和間接賓語的位置與上面短語有何不同?
(五)第五句型:主語 + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語
先回顧一下本講第一節(jié)中有關(guān)賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語的概念。
這個(gè)句型也是考試的重點(diǎn),主要有三個(gè)難點(diǎn):
1) 要不要 “to”的問題:
The director wants you to come right now. (主任要你馬上就來。)
句中to come 是賓語you的補(bǔ)足語。也就是說,當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語是動(dòng)詞時(shí),一般要用 “to”連接。但是,以下情況例外:
n make, let, have等使役動(dòng)詞,如:
Shall I have him come here?(要我叫他來嗎?)
I won't have him cheat me. (否定式,表示“容許”:我決不容許他欺騙我)
上述句型變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),一般要加 “to”,如:
The nurse made the patient eat something. (護(hù)士讓病人吃了點(diǎn)東西。)
→The patient was made to eat something.
有時(shí),賓語補(bǔ)足語也可用 -ing形式,如:
His joke made us laughing for a couple of minutes. (他的笑話使我們笑了幾分鐘。- 注意后面的時(shí)間狀語for a couple of minutes)
記住下面重要表達(dá)方式:
to have / get (something) done, 如:
I am going to have (get) my watch repaired.(我去修一下表。)
n see, hear, notice, observe, watch, look at, listen to 等感覺動(dòng)詞:
使用原則與上述大致相同。
2) 要不要 “it”的問題:
先看兩個(gè)句子:
We sometimes find it difficult to get rid of a bad habit. (有時(shí)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)要改掉一個(gè)壞習(xí)慣很難。)該句的原始結(jié)構(gòu)可理解為:We sometimes find (to get rid of a bad habit) difficult. 括號部分(動(dòng)詞不定式)為賓語,difficult為賓語補(bǔ)足語
The doctor has made it clear to you that there is nothing wrong with your stomach.(醫(yī)生已經(jīng)跟你說得很清楚了,你的胃沒有什么問題。)該句的原始結(jié)構(gòu)可理解為:The doctor has made (there is nothing wrong with your stomach)clear. 括號部分(句子)為賓語,clear為賓語補(bǔ)足語
歸納:
n 在主語 + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語結(jié)構(gòu)中,當(dāng)賓語是“動(dòng)詞不定式”或“句子”時(shí),要用it(不是this, that或其他任何詞)作形式賓語,將動(dòng)詞不定式或句子移到句子的后面去。
n 考試時(shí),判斷要不要 “it”,主要看句子后面有沒有“動(dòng)詞不定式”或“句子”,若有,要選 “it”
n 賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語倒裝:當(dāng)賓語(名詞)較長,賓語補(bǔ)足語較短(往往是1個(gè)形容詞,如possible, impossible, difficult, easy, clear等)時(shí),為了句子結(jié)構(gòu)均衡,往往采用倒裝,這里不存在“it”的使用問題, 對下句作出判斷:
The development of ultrasound has made ______ early diagnosis of some fatal diseases. (超聲波的出現(xiàn)使許多致命疾病的早期診斷成為可能。)
A. it possible
B. possible
C. it is
D. it
該題的正確答案應(yīng)為B,因?yàn)榫渥硬捎昧说寡b形式,原結(jié)構(gòu)為:
The development of ultrasound has made [early diagnosis of some fatal diseases] possible.
賓語 補(bǔ)足語
3) 記住以下短語:
to take…as(把…當(dāng)作…)
to think of…as(把…看作…)
to regard…as(把…看作…)
to refer to…as(把…叫作…)
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