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從結(jié)構(gòu)式醫(yī)學(xué)論文摘要實(shí)例分析淺談醫(yī)學(xué)論文摘要的寫作方法
一、為何采用結(jié)構(gòu)式論文摘要
醫(yī)學(xué)論文的摘要，是為了把探究工作的主要內(nèi)容以最簡(jiǎn)練的文字予以先容，協(xié)助讀者對(duì)該工作的目的、設(shè)計(jì)及探究結(jié)果較快地得出概括性的理解。從而決定是否需閱讀全文。結(jié)構(gòu)式論文摘要具有固定格式，其撰寫格式和科研設(shè)計(jì)思維方法相一致，有助于作者理清思路，正確表達(dá)，甚至可促使作者在實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)開始時(shí)就明確各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，使各部分更趨嚴(yán)密、公道，以得出正確結(jié)論。也便于國(guó)際間交流，可以轉(zhuǎn)載，易于傳播。
當(dāng)前,醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)除收錄論文題目外，同時(shí)收錄論文摘要。例如,美國(guó)國(guó)家醫(yī)學(xué)圖書館醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)聯(lián)機(jī)檢索系統(tǒng)(MEDLINE)收集了全世界3600多種醫(yī)學(xué)期刊的數(shù)十萬(wàn)條文獻(xiàn)醫(yī)學(xué)全.在.線m.bhskgw.cn，其中包括中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)系列雜志20余種。荷蘭醫(yī)學(xué)文摘(Excepta Medica)以收錄高質(zhì)量的文摘著稱,全部收錄論文摘要，按專業(yè)分冊(cè)出版。中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)信息探究中心在國(guó)家科委和衛(wèi)生部領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，也建立了中國(guó)生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，收錄1990年以來(lái)刊登在國(guó)內(nèi)期刊的論著中、英文題目及中文摘要，并制成數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)光盤系統(tǒng)。各種數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的建立，無(wú)疑加快了國(guó)內(nèi)外信息的傳播，節(jié)省了讀者的時(shí)間，便于更及時(shí)把握最新的科研動(dòng)態(tài)。為此，寫好論文摘要至關(guān)重要。
二、結(jié)構(gòu)式論文摘要的基本寫作方法
結(jié)構(gòu)式論文摘要包括目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論四部分。由于多數(shù)國(guó)外讀者不能看懂論著全文,所以,英文摘要內(nèi)容應(yīng)較中文摘要更全面。具體字?jǐn)?shù)可根據(jù)不同期刊或征文的要求而定，中文摘要一般在200字以內(nèi)。英文摘要字?jǐn)?shù)為150～400個(gè)英文單詞。中英文摘要各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容基本相同。分述如下摘要:
1.目的(Objective)摘要：直接了當(dāng)?shù)卣_說(shuō)明探究目的或所闡述的新題目。如題目已清楚表明，則摘要中可以不重復(fù)。亦可以在摘要開始，扼要說(shuō)明提出新題目的背景。英文常以動(dòng)詞不定式“To 動(dòng)詞原形”開頭。常用英文表達(dá)方式摘要:To investigate...and...;To assese...;To determine whether...;To study...;To examine...;To evaluate ... and compare...;To improve...;To describe...;To explore....;To clarify;To identify ...;To localize ...等。
2.方法(Methods)摘要：對(duì)探究的基本設(shè)計(jì)加以描述。包括診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、分組情況及隨訪時(shí)間；探究對(duì)象的數(shù)目及特征，以及對(duì)在探究中因副功能或其它原因而撤消的探究對(duì)象數(shù)目;觀察的主要變量及主要的探究方法；治療手段包括使用方法及功能時(shí)間等。若為臨床探究醫(yī)學(xué)全.在.線m.bhskgw.cn，需說(shuō)明是前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)比探究或回顧性分析。方法學(xué)探究要說(shuō)明新的或改進(jìn)的方法、設(shè)備、材料，以及被探究的對(duì)象（動(dòng)物或人)。英文常需要用完整的被動(dòng)或主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)句子，動(dòng)詞用過(guò)往時(shí)態(tài)。常用英文表達(dá)方式摘要:A randomized, double blind,placebo controlled trial was performed;A case control study;A prospective clinical study;We retrospectively analyzed...;We studied ...等。
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3.結(jié)果(Results)摘要：為摘要的重點(diǎn)部分。提供探究所得出的主要結(jié)果，列出重要數(shù)據(jù)。指出新方法和經(jīng)典方法比較而表現(xiàn)出的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，并說(shuō)明其可信度及正確性的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)程度。英文要用完整句子，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)往時(shí)態(tài)，探究所得數(shù)據(jù)如百分?jǐn)?shù)、血壓等數(shù)字采用臨床病例書寫形式，不必用書面英文表達(dá)。常用英文表達(dá)方式摘要:...was (were)...;We found...;There was...等。
4.結(jié)論(Conclusion)摘要：把探究的主要結(jié)論性觀點(diǎn)，用一、二句話簡(jiǎn)明表達(dá)，不必另分段落或設(shè)小標(biāo)題。結(jié)論應(yīng)該有直接依據(jù),避免推測(cè)和過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)。英文用完整句子表達(dá)，動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。最好直接寫結(jié)論,也可用一些句型引出結(jié)論。常用英文表達(dá)方式摘要：...is probably ...;...is ...;Our conclusion is that ...;This study shows that...;This study suggests that...;This study confirms that...;These observations support ...等。
三、結(jié)構(gòu)式論文摘要寫作的注重事項(xiàng)
1.文辭力求簡(jiǎn)明易懂，不能含糊及重復(fù)。除了已規(guī)范化的縮略語(yǔ)(如DNA)外,首次用縮略語(yǔ)之前須將英文全稱列出。
2.英文所用時(shí)態(tài)需和事情發(fā)生時(shí)間相一致，敘述基本規(guī)律時(shí)可用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。敘述探究對(duì)象、方法和結(jié)果時(shí)，用過(guò)往時(shí)。
四、結(jié)構(gòu)式論文摘要舉例
Objective摘要: To evaluate the perinatal and 2-year outcomes in pregnancies complicated by preterm premature rupture of memPanes (PROM) during the second trimester. Methods摘要: Fifty-three consecutive singleton pregnancies with PROM at 14 to 28 weeks of gestation were studied retrospectively. Management goals were to prolong the pregnancies to 32 weeks through expectant management and to avoid fetal compromise through closer monitoring and active intervention, when necessary, after 23 weeks. Outcome of the surviving infants was based on neurologic, audiometric, and ophthalmologic examinations at 2 years of corrected age. Results摘要: Rupture of memPanes occurred at 14～19 weeks (mean 17.4 weeks) in 10 women, at 10～25 weeks (mean 24.0 weeks) in 24, and at 26～28 weeks (mean 27.6 weeks) in 19.The median latency periods to delivery were 72 days, 12 days, and 10 days when rupture of memPanes occurred at 14～19 weeks, 20～25 weeks, and 26～28 weeks, respectively.The overall incidence of chorioamnionitis was 28%.There were no fetal deaths and nine neonataldeaths. When rupture of memPanes occurred at 14～19 weeks, 20～25 weeks,and 26～28 weeks, the perinatal survival rates were 40%,92% and,100%, respectively. Pulmonary hypoplasia accounted for seven deaths. Of the live-born infants, 81% were alive at 2 years of corrected age. Survival without major impairment was observed in 75%, 80%, and 100% of the survivors when rupture of memPanes occurred at 14～19 weeks, 20～25 weeks, and 26～28 weeks, respectively. Conclusion摘要醫(yī)學(xué)全.在.線m.bhskgw.cn: Expectant management of second-trimester PROM offers better perinatal and long-term survival than previously thought.
